Electrolytes help to maintain a healthy water equilibrium, muscle activity and stabilize the bodys ph level. Obtaining and interpreting blood gases and electrolytes is fundamental to the management of many critically ill veterinary patients. It is the portion of blood that is not the erythrocytes blood cells or any of the. The osmolality of iv fluids, plasma, urine are used to help paint a picture of volume status in a patient. Serum electrolyte concentrations indicate the severity of the electrolyte losses and the necessity for replacement with either balanced electrolyte solution or specific electrolyte solution. Second, interpretation of serum chemistries is rather straightforward in that the normal ranges apply to all patients regardless of diet, medications, renal function, or other factors.
They facilitate in nutrients entering the body and waste to be removed out from body cells. Serum chloride gives aids in digestion and maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance. Here are the normal lab values related to erythrocyte studies which include hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Special procedures are followed when collecting a sweat sample for electrolyte analysis. Serum chloride is a hydrochloric acid salt that is the most abundant body anion in the extracellular fluid it help in functions to counterbalance cations, such as sodium, and acts as a buffer during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in red blood cells rbcs.
Are sodium and potassium results on arterial blood gas. Osmolality is used more so than osmolarity in a clinical setting. Venous blood is used as a specimen for completed blood count cbc which is a basic screening test that is frequently ordered to give an idea about the health of a patient. Hyponatraemia is considered to be a serum sodium below 4 meql. Serum protein electrophoresis is an inexpensive, easytoperform screening procedure for initial identification of monoclonal bands. View and download powerpoint presentations on serum electrolyte interpretation ppt. In serum electrolytes in diabetic patients with or without. This test measures the level of sodium in the blood andor urine. Hyper and hypo osmolality occur when the equilibrium is disturbed. Interpretation of clinical laboratory tests date serum liquid component disolved components, drugs, electrolytes, gases, etc. May 15, 2018 phosphate, or p, is an electrolyte used in several functions throughout the body. This procedure, called pilocarpine iontophoresis, uses electric current applied to the arm of the patient usually an infant in order to.
Some urea is passively reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood, but most is excreted. Serum, the remaining liquid, which can be used in blood tests to assist in determing how various body organs may be functioning. The interpretation of these values is somewhat meaningless without analysis of the clinical history and is often impossible without parallel measurements of renal function. Bun readily diffuses into blood and all body water in similar concentration. Normal serum concentrations differ for age, gender, and certain conditions, such as pregnancy. Serum, the remaining liquid, which can be used in blood tests to assist in determing how various body organs may be functioning when should we actually draw a blood test.
A bicarbonate test is usually performed with other blood electrolytes. Although often considered difficult or confusing to interpret due to the abundance of chemistry, with a little practice blood gases become easy and quick to interpret. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs common electrolytes that are measured by doctors with blood testing include sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Here we discuss the normal lab values of the commonly ordered serum tests.
The total deficit for each electrolyte can be estimated. Sodium is an electrolyte present in all body fluids and is vital to normal body function, including nerve and muscle function. The values of electrolytes are measured by both the arterial blood gas analyzer and the autoanalyzers, in arterial and venous blood respectively. A more complete test, called comprehensive metabolic panel, can test for these several more electrolytes. A spot urine sample is generally adequate for determination of these electrolytes.
Interpretation of the full blood count red blood cells constituents of the red cell count haemoglobin hb. Chloride is a negatively charged ion that has an electrical attraction to sodium. The electrolyte panel measures the blood levels of the main electrolytes in the body. Therefore, if chloride levels become low, so do serum sodium levels. The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent. It is routinely ordered to give the doctor an insight into a possible electrolyte imbalance, which could be causing a variety of health conditions. Electrolytes are measured in the clinical laboratories in both serum and whole blood sample received for arterial blood gas abg analysis. Serum sodium concentration of handout compatibility mode. Interpretation of urine electrolytes and osmolality. At the end of this briefing, you should be able to describe.
Measurement of electrolytes is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure, performed via blood testing with ionselective electrodes or urinalysis by medical technologists. Phosphate, or p, is an electrolyte used in several functions throughout the body. As electrically charged particles, electrolytes help move nutrients into and wastes out of the bodys cells, maintain a healthy water balance, and help stabilize the bodys acidbase level. Plasma contains proteins that help in the transportation of material such as glucose and other dissolved nutrients through the blood. Use urine chemistries to help diagnose and manage patients with acute kidney injury, polyuria, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and disorders of potassium balance. Pdf this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of serum sodium, potassium. Wakefield from the division of medicine, the mayo clinic, and the division of experi. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. However, urine chemistries cannot be interpreted in isolation but instead often require concurrent serum chemistries, including renal function and key. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal. Pdf recently the normal values of pulmonary test parameters 1, level of hemoglobin 2 and glycated hemoglobin 35 in sudanese have. Electrolyte tests procedure, blood, complications, heart. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of aloe vera extract ave on serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine as indices of renal function in spraguedawley rats. Factors in interpretation of serum sodium concentrations.
Chloride measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis. The serum electrolyte concentration level was highly. Electrolyte panel is very useful in assessing acid base balance in a number of medical conditions. The normal accepted range for sodium is 4 to 145 meql. Electrolyte tests are performed on whole blood, plasma, or serum, usually collected from a vein or capillary. Changes in serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine in. Electrolytes are minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts. Sodium, potassium, chloride electrolytes centers for disease. Electrolytes are minerals that carry a charge and exist in your body fluids. Hb is the protein which carries oxygen in the blood and, hence, is the most important value to look at. Electrolytes blood test results, electrolytes imbalance. Although the routine practice is to measure electrolytes in serum, it takes relatively more time due to requirement of separation of serum. Ensure patient samples, calibrators and qc are at ambient temperature 2025c before. Literature reports suggest controversies in comparisons between the results.
Significant difference p serum electrolytes among patients with rheumatoid, osteo and tuberculosis arthritis as compared with controls may be due to the association of decrease in. The important electrolytes in human body are sodium and potassium. Sodium, potassium, and chloride levels are usually measured as part of a basic metabolic panel. The test group received 1 ml of ave daily for 28 days. Common electrolytes imbalances, normal range, disturbances. Sodium and other electrolytes such as potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Diseased kidneys may be unable to eliminate excess phosphorus and potassium through the urine and result in an increase in one or both of these electrolytes. Electrolytes panel test about, normal range, preparation. Firstly, serum is the component of blood which does not contain cells. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals found in body tissues and blood stream. Serum calcium concentrations may become elevated from inflammation, cancer, or a condition called hyperparathyroidism. In addition, they provide a vital insight into a patients status that will ultimately influence how a case is.
An electrolyte test helps to figure out the problems with human bodys electrolyte balance. How should urine electrolytes be ordered and interpreted in. Proper interpretation requires integration with clinical data and an understanding of the appropriate uses for each test. Physical exam reveals mild bilateral lower extremity edema. The normal range of phosphate in the plasma is generally between 0. To compensate for a chloride loss hypochloremia, the kidneys retain bicarbonate. Electrolyte blood level an overview sciencedirect topics. Electrolytes are salts and they also help in maintaining the acid base ratio in human body.
However, urine chemistries cannot be interpreted in isolation but instead often require concurrent serum chemistries, including renal. If an electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations of the solution are drawn to the electrode that has. Common lab values, electrolyte values, sodium, potassium. Cmp explained comprehensive metabolic panel cmp definition. A 500l sample of serumplasmaurine is required to allow for repeat analyses. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about serum electrolyte interpretation ppt. William sunderman from the division of metabolic research, department of medicine, jefexwn medical college, philadelphia, pennsylvania received for publication, february, 1952. Jan 20, 2017 a 50year old woman naive to the health care system presents to the ed with nausea, malaise, and decreased exercise tolerance for several weeks. Information on normal laboratory values adapted from. Nov 24, 2017 the electrolytes blood test, also known as electrolyte panel blood test, is a test done to assess the levels of the major electrolytes. Osmolality creates osmotic pressure and thus affects movement. Lab test are integral to patient care and depend on cooperation and support of ward staff for accurate and timely interpretation of the results. May 14, 2020 here are the normal lab values related to erythrocyte studies which include hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Lab values and their meanings forward the laboratory services are very pleased to see this report. Investigations operations manual 2015 appendix c 443 blood serum chemistry normal values. Although a phosphate imbalance isnt as well known as some of the other imbalances, it can still cause problems with your patients condition. Electrolytes lab values and interpretation medical estudy. An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. The childs low serum chloride level is probably caused by her diarrhea. The number of particles in a solution by mass mosmkg. So for this definition, youll need to know the components of what makes serum electrolytes. Correlation between the measurements of serum and arterial. Electrolytes are basically minerals in the form of salts dissolved in blood and body tissues. An electrolyte panel and anion gap help investigate conditions that cause electrolyte imbalances such as dehydration, kidney disease, lung diseases, or heart conditions. This book should be of help to nursing in understanding some of the more common tests which are conducted.
Fluctuations in the normal bicarbonate level may be due to issues with respiratory function, kidney disease, metabolic conditions, medications or other causes. Serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium are usually determined. Serum is the part of blood that doesnt contain cells. Electrolytes test test results, normal range, cost and more. The test is known by many names, including electrolytes, lytes, basic metabolic profile bmp, serum chemistries, chem7, chem10, and sequential multiple analysis7 sma7. Urea is formed exclusively in the liver from ammonia, and excreted mainly by the kidney.
The main electrolytes in your body are sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Serum phosphorus bun o to help assess the status of the gfr and rule out acute muscle disease urine specific gravity o to help distinguish between renal and prerenal azotemia serum electrolytes o to help evaluate for hypoadrenocorticism, chronic blood loss, renal disease serum calcium. Measures kidney and liver function, electrolyte levels substance what it is reference ranges what a low number may mean what a high number may mean usa ukeu australiacanada glucose fasting or nonfasting sugar in the blood 7099 mgdl fasting. Potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes, or salts that help conduct electric current in the body. Twelve male spraguedawley rats weighing between 80 and g were used. Glucose levels differ for fasting and nonfasting states. Serum protein electrophoresis an overview sciencedirect. Chemically, electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity. Blood gas analysis can give the clinician essential information on the respiratory and metabolic status of a patient. Aug 15, 2019 serum is an important source of electrolytes and animal sera are used as antivenom, antitoxins, and vaccinations.
Complete electrolytes panel scroll down or click on. Her labs are notable for an elevated creatinine of 7. Serum electrolytes are routinely ordered for a patient admitted to a hospital as a screening test for electrolyte and acidbase imbalances. Sodium, or na, is one of the most important electrolytes in the body and is responsible for a number of important functions, mostly related to fluid and water regulation. Metabolic and electrolyte alterations are common, and can lead to profound clinical signs affecting many organs including the heart, skeletal muscle, intestines and the lungs. Fluid and electrolytes in adult parenteral nutrition by.
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